Ngongo tapawhā piauau me te ngongo tapawhā

Whakaahuatanga Poto:

Ko te paipa tapawhā whakapūmau he kupu mō te paipa tapawhā me te paipa tapawhā, arā, ngā paipa rino he rite te roa o ngā taha. Ka hangaia mā te hurihuri i te rīpene rino i muri i te tukatuka. I te nuinga o te wā, ka wetewetehia te rino rīpene, ka papatahitia, ka whakapikohia, ka whakarewahia hei hanga i te ngongo porowhita, kātahi ka hurihia te ngongo porowhita ki roto i te ngongo tapawhā, kātahi ka tapahia ki te roa e hiahiatia ana. E 50 ngā wahi i ia kete. E mōhiotia ana hoki ko te maitai wāhanga kōhao matao tapawhā me te tapawhā, ka whakarapopototia ko te ngongo tapawhā me te ngongo tapawhā, ko ngā waehere ko F me J.

Tikina he whakatau utu kore utu

Taipitopito Hua

Ngā Tohu Hua

1. Kaua te rerekētanga e whakaaetia ana o te matotoru o te pakitara o te ngongo tapawhā whakapūmau e neke atu i te 10% tāpiri, tāpiri rānei, tāpiri rānei, o te matotoru o te pakitara ingoa ina iti iho te matotoru o te pakitara i te 10mm, ā, ina nui ake te matotoru o te pakitara i te 10mm, tāpiri, tāpiri rānei, tāpiri rānei, o te matotoru o te pakitara. Haunga te matotoru o te pakitara i te rohe tuitui.

2. Ko te roa tuku noa o te ngongo tapawhā whakapūmau he 4000mm-12000mm, ko te nuinga he 6000mm me te 12000mm. E whakaaetia ana ngā paipa tapawhā ki te tuku i ngā hua poto me ngā hua kore-pūmau, kaua e iti iho i te 2000mm, ā, ka taea hoki te tuku i roto i te ahua o ngā paipa atanga, engari me tapahi e te kaihoko te paipa atanga i te wā e whakamahia ana. Kaua te taumaha o ngā hua poto me ngā hua kore-pūmau e neke ake i te 5% o te rahinga tuku katoa, ā, mō ngā ngongo tapawhā tapawhā he nui ake te taumaha ariā i te 20kg/m, kaua e neke ake i te 10% o te rahinga tuku katoa.

3. Kaua te piko o te ngongo tapawhā whakapūmau e neke atu i te 2mm ia mita, ā, kaua hoki te piko katoa e neke atu i te 0.2% o te roa katoa.

Whakataki Whakarōpūtanga

1. Te whakarōpūtanga tukanga whakaputa o te ngongo tapawhā
Ka whakarōpūtia ngā ngongo tapawhā rite tonu ki te tukanga whakaputa: ngā ngongo tapawhā kore hononga wera-hurihia, ngā ngongo tapawhā kore hononga matao-tōia, ngā ngongo tapawhā kore hononga whakaputa, me ngā ngongo tapawhā kua whakapirihia. I roto i ēnei, ka wehea te paipa tapawhā kua whakapirihia ki: (a) E ai ki te tukanga-whakapiripiri pewa paipa tapawhā, te whakapiripiri ātete paipa tapawhā (auau teitei, auau iti), te whakapiripiri hau paipa tapawhā, te whakapiripiri oumu paipa tapawhā (b) e ai ki te whakapiripiri-tika paipa tapawhā kua whakapiripirihia, te paipa tapawhā kua whakapiripirihia porowhita

2. Te whakarōpūtanga rauemi o te ngongo tapawhā
E ai ki ngā rauemi, ka whakarōpūtia ngā paipa tapawhā: ngā paipa tapawhā maitai waro noa me ngā paipa tapawhā koranu-iti. Ka wehea te maitai waro noa ki: Q195, Q215, Q235, SS400, 20# maitai, 45# maitai, me ētahi atu; ka wehea te maitai koranu-iti ki Q345, 16Mn, Q390, ST52-3, me ētahi atu.

3. Whakarōpūtanga paerewa o te hanga ngongo tapawhā
Ka whakarōpūtia ngā paipa tapawhā kia rite ki ngā paerewa whakaputa: ngā paipa tapawhā paerewa ā-motu, ngā paipa tapawhā paerewa Hapanihi, ngā paipa tapawhā emepaea, ngā paipa tapawhā paerewa Amerika, ngā paipa tapawhā paerewa Ūropi, me ngā paipa tapawhā kore-paerewa.

4. Te whakarōpūtanga āhua o te wāhanga ngongo tapawhā
Ka whakarōpūtia ngā paipa tapawhā i runga i ō rātou āhua whakawhiti-wāhanga: (1) ngā paipa tapawhā whakawhiti-wāhanga māmā - ngā paipa tapawhā tapawhā, ngā paipa tapawhā tapawhā (2) ngā paipa tapawhā whakawhiti-wāhanga matatini - ngā paipa tapawhā āhua putiputi, ngā paipa tapawhā āhua tuwhera, ngā paipa tapawhā kōpikopiko, ngā paipa tapawhā āhua motuhake

5. Te whakarōpūtanga maimoatanga mata o te ngongo tapawhā
Ka wehea ngā paipa tapawhā ki ngā maimoatanga mata: ngā paipa tapawhā piauau wera-tuku, ngā paipa tapawhā piauau hiko, ngā paipa tapawhā pania-hinu, ngā paipa tapawhā pīkara.

6. Whakamahia te whakarōpūtanga o te ngongo tapawhā
Ka whakarōpūtia ngā paipa tapawhā kia rite ki ngā paipa tapawhā mō te whakapaipai, ngā paipa tapawhā mō ngā taputapu mīhini, ngā paipa tapawhā mō te umanga mīhini, ngā paipa tapawhā mō te umanga matū, ngā paipa tapawhā mō ngā hanganga maitai, ngā paipa tapawhā mō te hanga kaipuke, ngā paipa tapawhā mō ngā motuka, ngā paipa tapawhā mō ngā kurupae me ngā pou maitai. Ngā ngongo, ngā ngongo tapawhā mō te kaupapa motuhake.

7. Te whakarōpūtanga o te matotoru o te pakitara o te ngongo tapawhā
Ka whakarōpūtia ngā paipa tapawhā rite ki te matotoru o te pakitara - ngā paipa tapawhā rite ki te matotoru rawa o te pakitara, ngā paipa tapawhā rite ki te matotoru o te pakitara, me ngā paipa tapawhā rite ki te angiangi o te pakitara.

Whakamahia

E whakamahia ana i roto i ngā pakitara ārai, te hanga whare, te hanga mīhini, ngā kaupapa hanga maitai, te hanga kaipuke, ngā whāriki whakaputa hiko o te rā, te hangarau hanganga maitai, te hangarau hiko, ngā tipu hiko, ngā mīhini ahuwhenua me te matū, ngā pakitara ārai karāhe, te anga waka, ngā taunga rererangi, me ētahi atu.